国内外医用防护服结构与功能的比较与分析

doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20200400507

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为优化医用防护服的结构设计,拓宽材料来源,提高其防护功能,对近期国内外医用防护服构造及功能的研究进展进行综述分析。对比了5种常用医用防护服面料的优缺点,比较了中国、美国和欧盟医用防护服标准以及世界主流品牌医用防护服性能的差异。聚四氟乙烯复合面料在满足防护要求的同时,舒适性更好;液体阻隔性是影响防护服防护功能的主要因素;医用防护服应满足中指圈设计、自粘合式拉链门襟以及胶条密合边缝的前沿设计要求。最后针对医用防护服亟待解决的问题,从国家、技术、防护服本身3个层面对医用防护服未来发展方向进行展望。

关键词: 医用防护服, 结构设计, 防护功能, 防护标准, 评价指标

Abstract:

In order to improve the structural design of medical protective clothing, broaden the source of materials and improve its protective functions, this paper reviewed and analyzed the structures and functions of medical protective clothing at home and abroad. In terms of selecting materials for medical protective clothing presently available, five types of commonly used fabrics were compared in advantages and disadvantages, and the analysis shows that the polytetrafluoroethylene composite fabric meets the protection requirements, while the comfort is the best among all. By comparing the standards of medical protective clothing among China, the United States and the European Union, it is found that the liquid barrier is the main factor affecting its protective functions. This paper summarized the main brands of medical protective clothing in the world, and points out that the medical protective clothing should meet the requirements of middle finger ring design, self-adhesive zipper placket and adhesive tape close edge seam. Finally, in view of the urgent problems of medical protective clothing, the future development direction of medical protective clothing was prospected from three aspects including country, technology and protective clothing itself.

Key words: medical protective clothing, structure design, protection function, protective standard, evaluation index

中图分类号:

TS106.67

闵小豹, 潘志娟. 国内外医用防护服结构与功能的比较与分析[J]. 纺织学报, 2020, 41(08): 172-178.

MIN Xiaobao, PAN Zhijuan. Comparison and analysis on structure and function of medical protective clothing[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2020, 41(08): 172-178.

图/表 5

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材料	特点
聚丙烯纺粘非织造布	强度和舒适度可基本满足防护要求,但其抗静水压不高,对病毒颗粒阻隔作用不高^[15]
聚酯纤维与木浆复合的水刺非织造布	阻隔性能比纺粘非织造布高,但其对病毒的阻隔作用不高,不是理想的医用防护材料^[16]
纺粘-熔喷-纺粘(SMS)复合面料	大都采用聚丙烯为原料,产品的阻隔性能好、抗静水压能力高、透气性好,是医用防护服的理想材料
聚四氟乙烯微孔膜复合面料	具有抵抗微生物、血液渗透,防水、透湿、耐腐蚀等诸多优点,消杀后可重复使用,减少医疗废物,其舒适性优于其他面料^[17]
聚乙烯透气膜/非织造布复合面料	产品拉伸强度好,透气、导湿功能强,穿着舒适性较好。对病毒粒子及细菌有较好的阻挡作用,使用该材料的一次性医用防护服对一线医护人员能起到很好的保护作用^[18]

标准	冲击穿透水量	静水压	适用条件
YY/T 1498—2016	1级IP≤4.5 g 2级IP≤1.0 g 3级IP≤1.0 g 4级无规定	1级无规定 2级HP≥20 cm H₂O 3级HP≥20 cm H₂O 4级无规定	医用防护服材料类型及产品选择
YY/T 1499—2016	1级IP≤4.5 g 2级IP≤1.0 g 3级IP≤1.0 g 4级无规定	1级无规定 2级HP≥2 kPa 3级HP≥5 kPa 4级无规定	标示有液体阻隔性能或液体微生物阻隔性能的防护服
AAMI PB70—2012	1级IP≤4.5 g 2级IP≤1.0 g 3级IP≤1.0 g 4级无规定	1级无规定 2级HP≥1.96 kPa 3级HP≥14.90 kPa 4级无规定	外科用手术衣及手术单(一次性或重复性)
EN 13795:2011+A1:2013	—	标准级(主要区域)HP≥30 cm H₂O 标准级(次要区域)HP≥10 cm H₂O 高级(主要区域)HP≥100 cm H₂O 高级(次要区域)HP≥10 cm H₂O	外科用手术衣及手术单(一次性或重复性)

品牌及型号	EN 14605:2005+ A1:2009 (Type3)	EN 14605:2005+ A1:2009 (Type4)	EN 13034:2005+ A1:2009	ISO 13982-1—2004	EN 1149-5—2008	EN 14126—2003
杜邦Tyvek 500 Xpert	—	—	√	√	√	√
杜邦Tyvek 600 Plus	—	√	√	—	√	√
代尔塔DT119	√	√	√	√	√	√
代尔塔DT216	—	—	√	√	—	—
雷克兰ChemMax1	√	√	√	√	√	√
雷克兰ChemMax2	√	√	√	—	√	√
UVEX 4B		√	√	√	√	√
UVEX 5/6 classic	—	—	√	√	√	√
3M 4565	—	√	√	√	—	—
3M 4545	—	—	√	√	√	√

品牌及型号	防病原体感染	双面抗静电处理	拉链自粘门襟	帽兜、袖口、裤脚弹性收口	中指圈设计	胶条密合边缝	腰部弹性	颜色	价格/ 元
杜邦Tyvek 500 Xpert	√	√	√	√	—	—	√	白	219.00
杜邦Tyvek 600 Plus	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	白	58.75
代尔塔 DT119	√	√	√	√	—	√	√	白、绿	32.00
代尔塔 DT216	—	—	√	√	—	√	√	白、黄	30.00
雷克兰ChemMax1	√	√	√	√	—	√	—	黄	100.00
雷克兰ChemMax2	√	—	√	√	—	√	—	白、灰	100.00
UVEX 4B	√	√	√	√	√	—	√	白、橙	75.00
UVEX 5/6 classic	√	√	√	√	√	—	√	白	35.00
3M 4565	√	√	√	√	—	√	√	白、红	74.00
3M 4545	√	√	√	√			√	白	43.00

品牌及型号	材质
杜邦Tyvek 500 Xpert	高密度聚乙烯非织造布
杜邦Tyvek 600 Plus	高密度聚乙烯非织造布
代尔塔 DT119	聚乙烯薄膜微孔层压织物,面密度为 63 g/m²
代尔塔 DT216	聚丙烯纺粘非织造布,面密度为50 g/m²
雷克兰ChemMax1	Saranex23-p膜与高强纺粘非织造布复合织物
雷克兰ChemMax2	高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)覆膜于聚丙烯
UVEX 4B	多微孔聚乙烯薄膜覆于聚丙烯纺粘非织造布
UVEX 5/6 classic	多微孔聚乙烯薄膜覆于聚丙烯纺粘非织造布
3M 4565	3M公司新型碾压无孔材料
3M 4545	聚丙烯(PP)+聚乙烯透气膜复合织物