纺织学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (11): 235-243.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20230902402

• 综合述评 • 上一篇    下一篇

纳米纤维纱线静电纺制备技术研究进展

王宇航1, 谭晶1, 李好义1, 徐锦龙2, 杨卫民1,3()   

  1. 1.北京化工大学 机电工程学院, 北京 100029
    2.江苏新视界先进功能纤维创新中心, 江苏 苏州 215228
    3.北京化工大学 有机无机复合材料国家重点实验室, 北京 100029
  • 收稿日期:2023-09-11 修回日期:2024-06-05 出版日期:2024-11-15 发布日期:2024-12-30
  • 通讯作者: 杨卫民(1965—),男,教授,博士。主要研究方向为高分子聚合物成形加工原理与技术产业化。E-mail:yangwm@mail.buct.edu.cn。
  • 作者简介:王宇航(1998—),男,博士生。主要研究方向为聚合物熔体静电纺纳米纤维纱线成形机理与功能应用。
  • 基金资助:
    国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3804204)

Research progress in electrospinning technology for nanofiber yarns

WANG Yuhang1, TAN Jing1, LI Haoyi1, XU Jinlong2, YANG Weimin1,3()   

  1. 1. College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
    2. Jiangsu New Horizon Advanced Functional Fiber Innovation Center Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu 215228, China
    3. State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
  • Received:2023-09-11 Revised:2024-06-05 Published:2024-11-15 Online:2024-12-30

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摘要：

针对静电纺纳米纤维纱线制备技术的产率低、纱线力学性能较差以及生产过程有安全风险和环保隐患的技术现状,对静电纺纳米纤维纱线制备技术进行了综述。首先从纳米纤维聚集加捻原理出发,概述了手动加捻法、电场诱导成纱法、高速旋转加捻法、水浴成纱法和气流辅助成纱法的成纱机制、技术特点及研究现状,指出高速旋转加捻法以纱线制备连续稳定可控等优势成为静电纺纳米纤维纱线制备技术的主流;随后从纤维特性及纱线结构出发,探讨工艺、装置与材料对纱线力学性能的影响,研究认为静电纺纳米纤维纱线增强的本质在于提升纤维取向、纤维抱合紧密度与单纤维力学性能。最后介绍了静电纺纳米纤维纱线的产率现状及影响因素,指出熔体或绿色纺丝液体系的无针静电纺技术与成纱技术的结合是静电纺纳米纤维纱线高效制备的有效途径。

关键词: 静电纺丝, 纳米纤维纱线, 纱线制备技术, 力学性能, 纱线产率

Abstract:

Significance The development of high-performance yarn materials is a focal point of research in textile engineering and materials science. Electrospun nanofibers possess high specific surface area, porosity, unique interfacial properties, and rich physicochemical properties, and the aggregation of these fibers into yarns is an important approach to developing high-performance yarn materials. In addition, the yarns with anisotropic structural properties allow them to be made into 2-D or 3-D products using weaving or knitting technology. The versatile product structure and ease of functionalization make electrospun nanofiber yarns exhibit excellent properties in fields such as tissue engineering, moisture and heat management, energy sensing, and defense industry applications. However, current electrospinning techniques face challenges in low preparation efficiency and weak mechanical properties, which require further breakthroughs.

Progress In this paper, the forming methods of electrospun yarns from the principle of fiber aggregation and twisting are firstly reviewed, and the representative techniques are summarized. These yarn forming methods can be divided into manual twisting, electricity inducement, water bathing, high speed rotation and airflow coordination. At present, the fiber collector rotary twisting is the most commonly used method for electrospun yarn preparation, which has the advantages of good fiber orientation, yarn uniformity and stable yarn formation process. Subsequently, the influence factors affecting the yield of electrospun nanofiber yarns are discussed and summarized. The yarn yield is affected by the fiber yield, molding method, and material properties and other aspects. As the fiber yield increases, the yarn yield also increases significantly. The combination of four-nozzle needleless electrospun technology and yarn forming technology increases the yarn yield by 5 m/min, but it is still much smaller than that of the conventional spinning method. Finally, the effects of process, device and material on the mechanical properties of yarns were investigated from the perspective of yarn microstructure and fiber properties and are summarized. Moderate twist, high fiber orientation and high fiber crystallinity are all conducive to the yarn strength. At present, the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) electrospun yarns treated by hot drafting and bifunctional poly (ethylene glycol) bisazide (PEG-BA) modification are shown to have the most attractive mechanical properties. The yarn strength reached 1 236 MPa with the tenacity of 118 J/cm3, which initially reached the level of spider silk.

Conclusion and prospect The paper systematically reviews the preparation method, influencing factors influencing yield and strength of electrospun yarns. In order to address the issues of inadequate mechanical properties electrospun nanofiber film, electrospun nanofiber yarns have been prepared using various techniques such as manual twisting, electricity inducement, water bathing, high speed rotation and airflow coordination. The current technology for preparing electrospun nanofiber yarn is primarily based on a solution electrospinning system with single/double needles, resulting in low fiber yield and subsequently low yarn yield. Enhancing the yield of yarn can be achieved by combining needle-free electrospinning systems with spinning technologies, for which it is necessary to investigate the motion patterns of needle-free multi-jet electrospinning and orientation deposition twist methods. Simultaneously, developing an environmentally friendly spinning liquid system is crucial to mitigate risks posed by common organic solvents and achieve a sustainable preparation process. Melt electrospinning technology offers advantages such as complete conversion of raw materials into fibers, minimal jet whipping effects, and solvent-free preparation processes. Exploring novel approaches for enhancing the yield of melt electrospinning fiber thinning and controlling jet aggregation into yarn represents a pivotal avenue towards the sustainable production of electrospun nanofiber yarns. The reinforcement of electrostatically spun nanofiber yarns necessitates a harmonious integration of material system, device design, process control, and post-processing techniques to optimize yarn orientation and mechanical properties at the single fiber level. Investigating the spatial dynamics of electrospun fibers and evolving characteristics of the spinning jet during the fabrication process emerges as an indispensable means to enhance both yarn alignment and tensile strength. Furthermore, implementing post-treatments effectively enhances yarn structure and individual fiber strength, thereby significantly improving overall mechanical performance.

Key words: electrospinning, nanofiber yarn, yarn preparation technology, mechanical property, yarn yield

中图分类号: 

  • TS104.76

图1

静电纺纳米纤维纱线制备原理图"

表1

聚合静电纺纳米纤维纱线力学性能"

纱线制备方法 聚合物 力学性能 力学性能主要影响因素 参考文献
断裂
强度/MPa		 断裂
伸长率/%
手动加捻 PVDF 44.6 121.9 纱状纳米纤维集合体 [12]
4.4 105.1 膜状纳米纤维集合体
气流辅助成纱 PAN 24 30 聚合物种类 [36-37]
PU 42 260
PVDF 31 75
电场诱导成纱 PAN/MWCNTs 10.8 38 MWCNTs占比0.25% [18]
11.5 45.5 MWCNTs占比0.5%
13.3 56.5 MWCNTs占比0.75%
14.6 60 MWCNTs占比1%
水浴成纱 PA6 35 34 捻度1 000捻/m [33]
41 36 捻度1 500捻/m
47 37 捻度2 000捻/m
52 39 捻度2 500捻/m
47 40 捻度3 000捻/m
旋转加捻法 金属圆盘 PAN 48.29 153 溶剂2,2,2-三氟乙醇 [41]
2.34 27 溶剂氯仿 [42]
9.30 47 溶剂二氯甲烷 [31]
金属漏斗 PVDF-HFP 23 160 钢制收集器 [23]
27 205 铝制收集器 [43]
金属圆盘 PAN 8.5 37.51 PAN质量分数10%
7.6 65.21 PAN质量分数12%
9.1 33.32 PAN质量分数14%
金属板 PAN 61.3 54.21 未处理
116.56 22.53 张力下热处理
金属漏斗 PAN/PEG-BA 1 236 —— 热牵伸、退火与改性
PAN 72 —— 未处理

表2

聚合物静电纺纳米纤维纱线产率"

纱线制备方法 聚合物 静电纺系统 纤维产率/(g·h-1) 纱线产率/(m·min-1) 参考文献
水浴成纱法 PAN 单针头 0.184 2 [35]
电场诱导成纱法 PAN 单针头 0.138 0.5 [15]
旋转
加捻成纱		 金属圆盘 PAN 双针头 0.110 2 [31]
金属漏斗 PAN 双针头 0.230 0.175 [44]
PAN 四针头 0.772 0.4 [26]
PAN 八针头 1.050 2 [47]
PAN 四喷头(无针气泡纺) 8.240 5 [48]
金属圆环 PAN 圆盘无针与单针头 — 4 [28]
PAN 双针头 0.910 3.33 [29]
微米纤维
纱线制备
方法		 涡流纺 棉 — — 500 [45]
环锭纺 棉 — — 25 [45]
熔融纺丝 PET — — 1 000~7 000 [46]
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  Rate 35% 65%

Abstract
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Just accepted Online first Issue
0 0 132
  From Others local
  Times 114 18
  Rate 86% 14%

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