静电纺三维纳米纤维材料的制备方法与应用进展

doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20231100902

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

静电纺三维纳米纤维材料凭借高孔隙率、高比表面积、良好的内部连通性和厚度可控等优点受到广泛关注,为进一步研究制备过程简单普适、性能优良、应用范围广的静电纺三维纳米纤维材料,综述了冷冻干燥法、层层堆叠法、湿度调控法、致孔颗粒溶解法等基于静电纺丝技术的三维纳米纤维材料的制备方法,分析了相关制备方法的优势与不足,阐述了三维纳米纤维材料在空气过滤、油水分离、隔热保暖、组织工程领域的应用,讨论了在不同应用领域性能优化的方向。最后对三维纳米纤维材料的发展方向进行展望,提出制备流程简单化、工艺普适化、尺寸可控化、孔隙结构构筑可控化以及多功能集合化是进一步发展需要突破的方向。

关键词: 纳米纤维, 静电纺丝, 三维材料, 二次成形法, 直接静电纺丝法

Abstract:

Significance Nanofiber membrane materials are widely used in energy, environment, medical treatment, and health fields because of their unique characteristics such as light weight, small pore size, high porosity, and high specific surface area. Electrospinning uses high-voltage static electricity to make the viscous fluid of polymer overcome the surface tension, form a jet in the electric field, and produce continuous nanofibers easily and quickly through the process of drafting and curing. The product prepared directly by electrospinning is usually a nanofiber membrane with a thickness of micrometers, and the layers of stacked fibers are tightly connected. The two-dimensional nanofiber membrane materials are found to have shortcomings in mechanical properties, thickness regulation, and applications. In recent years, the preparation of electrospun three-dimensional nanofiber materials has become an emerging research focus. Compared with two-dimensional nanofiber materials, nanofiber materials with three-dimensional structures have higher porosity, higher specific surface area, better connectivity, better resilience, and thickness control, which widen nanofiber applications. Therefore, the development of novel nanofiber materials with three-dimensional structures has attracted more and more attention from researchers.

Progress According to the molding steps, the current preparation methods of three-dimensional nanofiber materials constructed by electrospinning can be divided into two categories, i.e., the re-forming method (fiber membrane reconstruction method) and the direct electrospinning method. The re-forming method is the most commonly used at present. Firstly, the nanofiber membrane is prepared by electrospinning, and then the porous three-dimensional nanofiber material is obtained by crosslinking, heat treatment, solvent displacement, and freeze-drying a new re-forming method was proposed, which used electrospinning together with freeze-drying technology to prepare three-dimensional nanofiber materials. In this study, three-dimensional porous nanofiber aerogels were reconstructed using fragmented nanofibers. In addition, using the method of adjusting ambient humidity, the researchers also prepared three-dimensional nanofiber materials by direct electrospinning. These three-dimensional materials prepared by electrospinning perform well in functional tests such as thermal insulation, separation, and filtration with attractive characteristics such as ultra-high porosity and excellent mechanical resilience. In the field of tissue engineering, three-dimensional scaffolds constructed by electrospinning have also played an important role in tissue culture repair. In short, three-dimensional nanofiber materials prepared by electrospinning show great application potential.

Conclusion and Prospect Summarizing the research findings described above, the following prospects for preparing and applying electrospun three-dimensional nanofiber materials can be drawn. (1) The preparation process should be simplified. At present, the main preparation method is the secondary forming method and the complicated process seriously restricts the development of three-dimensional nanofiber materials. Therefore, shortening the preparation process is the direction that needs further breakthroughs. (2) The preparation method should be universal. Many methods can only make three-dimensional materials from specific polymer systems, and the scope of application is too narrow. It is an urgent problem to improve and put forward appropriate methods to make them universally adaptable. (3) Size should be controllable. Because of the limitations of most preparation methods, many materials cannot be freely controlled in shape, size, especially thickness, but practical applications require three-dimensional nanofiber materials with unique shapes, so the realization of size controllability is still a problem that researchers need to optimize. (4) The construction of pore structure should be controllable. The unique pore structure advantage is an important reason for the wide application of three-dimensional nanofiber materials. The pore structure of controllable construction materials can further expand its deep application in filtration, medical treatment, and other fields. (5) Multi-function aggregation should be achieved. At present, functional 3-D materials are faced with the problem of single function. The development of 3-D materials integrating multiple functions is an important direction for the development of nanofiber materials.

Key words: nanofiber, electrospinning, three-dimensional material, re-forming method, direct electrospinning method

中图分类号:

TQ340.64

刘允璞, 刘威, 王黎明, 覃小红. 静电纺三维纳米纤维材料的制备方法与应用进展[J]. 纺织学报, 2024, 45(11): 226-234.

LIU Yunpu, LIU Wei, WANG Liming, QIN Xiaohong. Progress in preparation methods and applications of electrospun three-dimensional nanofiber materials[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2024, 45(11): 226-234.

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链接本文: http://www.fzxb.org.cn/CN/10.13475/j.fzxb.20231100902

http://www.fzxb.org.cn/CN/Y2024/V45/I11/226

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制备类别	代表方法	优势	劣势
二次成形法	冷冻干燥法、溶胶-凝胶法	体系成熟、产品性能突出	制备流程较长、工艺复杂、能耗高
直接静电纺丝法	湿度调控法、液体搜集法	制备流程简单	产品尺寸可调控性差、方法普适性不强