气密型化学防护服研究进展

doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20200205509

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

针对当前国内外危险化学品事故灾害频发、生化恐怖袭击威胁日益严峻、防化装备研发及生产体系不健全,国内个体化学防护装备特别是气密型化学防护服的材料研发、结构设计、装备生产、性能检测及选择使用亟待规范等问题,梳理了国际标准、美国消防协会标准、欧洲标准及中国国家标准中涉及气密型化学防护服的产品分类及性能要求,介绍了国内外气密型化学防护服市场上主流产品的防护性能、结构特征、产品认证情况及其发展现状,对比分析了化学防护领域广泛应用的防护材料种类及性能。研究表明:尽管目前采用高分子膜制作化学防护面料的国内厂商较少,但部分面料的防护能力已经能够同时达到国家标准、国际标准和欧洲标准的要求;建议相关行政管理部门继续给予化学防护行业必要的政策扶持,以尽快实现高性能化学防护装备的国产化、规模化及体系化。

关键词: 应急救援, 个体防护装备, 化学防护服, 气密性, 渗透性能

Abstract:

In view of the frequent and serious hazardous chemical accidents at home and abroad, the increasingly severe threat of bioterrorist attacks, the imperfection in research and development and production of chemical protective equipment, it is necessary to normalize the material development, structure design, production, performance testing, selection and application of personal protective equipment, especially the gas-tight chemical protective clothing. This paper briefly reviewed the product classification and their performance requirements of gas-tight chemical protective clothing according to international standards, American, European and Chinese national standards. The protective properties, structure characteristics, product certification and development status of gas-tight chemical protective clothing on the market were introduced. The properties and product certification of wide-used chemical protective materials were compared. The research status shows that despite few domestic manufacturers are engaged in the production of chemical protective fabrics with polymer membranes, the protective properties of some fabrics are able to meet the requirements of Chinese national, international and European standards. To this end, it is recommended that the relevant administrative departments continue to provide the necessary policy support for the chemical protection industry in order to implement the localization, scale and systemization of high-performance chemical protection equipment as soon as possible.

Key words: emergency rescue, personal protective equipment, chemical protective clothing, gas-tight, permeability

中图分类号:

TS941.73

张婷婷, 张杰, 田新宇, 陈祯, 任玮. 气密型化学防护服研究进展[J]. 纺织学报, 2020, 41(12): 174-181.

ZHANG Tingting, ZHANG Jie, TIAN Xinyu, CHEN Zhen, REN Wei. Recent progress in gas-tight chemical protective clothing[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2020, 41(12): 174-181.

图/表 5

表1

表2

表3

图1

表4

参考文献 30

[1]	杨中东. 中国制造业能源效率的影响因素:经济周期和重化工工业化[J]. 统计研究, 2010,27(10):33-39.
	YANG Zhongdong. Study on influence factor of China manufacturing energy efficiency: business circle and heavy industry[J]. Statistical Research, 2010,27(10):33-39.
[2]	朱华, 李双会, 赵阳, 等. 工业用化学防护服概述[J]. 上海纺织科技, 2007,35(11):1-9.
	ZHU Hua, LI Shuanghui, ZHAO Yang, et al. Summary of chemical industrial use protective clothing[J]. Shanghai Textile Science & Technology, 2007,35(11):1-9.
[3]	危险化学品安全监督管理司. 历史上十二月发生的危险化学品事故[EB/OL]. [2019-12-04]. https://www.mem.gov.cn/fw/jsxx/201912/t20191204_341945.shtml.
	Hazardous Chemicals Safety Supervision and Management Department. History of dangerous chemical accidents in December[EB/OL]. [2019-12-04]. https://www.mem.gov.cn/fw/jsxx/201912/t20191204_341945.shtml.
[4]	李健, 冯云晓, 于洋, 等. “十二五”期间我国危险化学品事故统计及建议[J]. 武汉理工大学学报(信息与管理工程版), 2016,38(5):534-547.
	LI Jian, FENG Yunxiao, YU Yang, et al. Statistics and suggestions on hazardous chemical accidents in China during the 12th five-year plan period[J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology(Information & Management Engineering), 2016,38(5):534-547.
[5]	彭文联, 史红星, 张兴高, 等. 危险化学品事故的新趋势和对策[C]// 第六届全国“公共安全领域中的化学问题”学术论文集. 无锡:中国化学会, 2017: 15-19.
	PENG Wenlian, SHI Hongxing, ZHANG Xinggao, et al. New trends and countermeasures of hazardous chemical accidents[C]// Proceedings of the Sixth National Public Safety in the Field of Chemical Issues. Wuxi: Chinese Chemical Society, 2017: 15-19.
[6]	国务院事故调查组. 天津港“8.12”瑞海公司危险品仓库特别重大火灾爆炸事故调查报告[EB/OL]. [2016-02-05]. https://www.mem.gov.cn/gk/sgcc/tbzdsgdcbg/2016/201602/P020190415543917598002.pdf.
	State Council Accident Investigation Team. The accident investigation report of Tianjin port '8.12' Ruihai dangerous goods warehouse special major fire and explosion[EB/OL]. [2016-02-05]. https://www.mem.gov.cn/gk/sgcc/tbzdsgdcbg/2016/201602/P020190415543917598002.pdf.
[7]	国务院事故调查组. 江苏响水天嘉宜化工有限公司“3.12”特别重大爆炸事故调查报告[EB/OL]. [2019-11-15]. https://www.mem.gov.cn/gk/sgcc/tbzdsgdcbg/2019tbzdsgcc/201911/P020191115565111829069.pdf.
	State Council Accident Investigation Team. Investigation report on "3.12" special major explosion accident of Jiangsu Xiangshui Tianjiayi chemical Co., Ltd.[EB/OL]. [2019-11-15]. https://www.mem.gov.cn/gk/sgcc/tbzdsgdcbg/2019tbzdsgcc/201911/P020191115565111829069.pdf.
[8]	宋凯, 董大正. 逆行以生命的名义:江苏“3.21”响水爆炸事故救援纪实[J]. 中国消防, 2019(4):16-27.
	SONG Kai, DONG Dazheng. Retrograde in the name of life: Jiangsu "3.21" Xiangshui explosion accident rescue documentary[J]. China Fire, 2019(4):16-27.
[9]	储召锋. 美国对核生化恐怖主义的评估与政策[J]. 和平与发展, 2011(3):27-73.
	CHU Zhaofeng. US assessment and policy on nuclear, biological and chemical terrorism[J]. Peace and Development, 2011(3):27-73.
[10]	MARIA J, SERGIO T, KENNETH R, et al. Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) protective clothing: a review[C]// HAMID J, ALEX C D E, AMIN H G B, et al. Global Security, Safety and Sustainability: The Security Challenges of the Connected World. London: Springer Publishers Ltd, 2017: 331-341.
[11]	王岩, 徐华宇. 化学危害及其防护[C]// 柯显信,尚宇峰,卢孔笔. 第二届中国指挥控制大会论文集:网络时代的公共安全与应急救援. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2014: 778-781.
	WANG Yan, XU Huayu. Chemical hazards and protection[C]// KE Xianxin, SHANG Yufeng, LU Kongbi. Proceedings of the 2nd China Command and Control Conference: Public Security and Emergency Rescue in the Cyber Age, Beijing: National Defense Industry Press, 2014: 778-781.
[12]	崔雪梅, 郝新敏, 张建春. 化学防护服综述[J]. 中国个体防护装备, 2004(1):28-30.
	CUI Xuemei, HAO Xinmin, ZHANG Jianchun. Overview of chemical protective clothing[J]. China Personal Protective Equipment, 2004(1):28-30.
[13]	朱五八. 消防员化学防护服的应用方法[J]. 中国个体防护装备, 2014(2):14-17.
	ZHU Wuba. Application methods of chemical protective ensemble for firefighters[J]. China Personal Protective Equipment, 2014(2):14-17.
[14]	陈硕, 孙志刚, 李德武. 重大危化品事故应急救援装备建设研究[J]. 健康和环境, 2019(10):15-19.
	CHEN Shuo, SUN Zhigang, LI Dewu. Research on the construction of emergency rescue equipment for major chemical accidents[J]. Safety Healthy & Environment, 2019(10):15-19.
[15]	WELY E V. Current global standards for chemical protective clothing: how to choose the right protection for the right job?[J]. Industrial Health, 2017,55(6):485-499. doi: 10.2486/indhealth.2017-0124 pmid: 29046493
[16]	王岩, 刘妙, 王小东. 化学防护服的分类及选用[J]. 中国个体防护装备, 2010(11):32-37.
	WANG Yan, LIU Miao, WANG Xiaodong. The classification and selection of the chemical protective clothing[J]. China Personal Protective Equipment, 2010(11):32-37.
[17]	ELIAS K. A technical overview on protective clothing against chemical hazards[J]. AASCIT Journal of Chemistry, 2015,2(3):67-76.
[18]	杨小兵, 杨光, 谭雯莉, 等. 化学防护服国际标准最新动态对我国GB 24539—2009修订的影响[J]. 纺织学报, 2019,40(6):166-171.
	YANG Xiaobing, YANG Guang, TAN Wenli, et al. Effects of the latest developments in the international standard for chemical protective clothing on the revision of GB 24539—2009 in China[J]. Journal of Textile Research, 2019,40(6):166-171.
[19]	金郡潮. 解析化学防护防护性能的重要指标: 穿透性和渗透性[J]. 中国个体防护装备, 2005(6):26-29.
	JIN Junchao. Analysis of chemical protection performance of the important indicators: penetration and permeability[J]. China Personal Protective Equipment, 2005(6):26-29.
[20]	李和国, 刘斌, 李雷, 等. 生化防护服材料技术[J]. 中国个体防护装备, 2006(3):25-28.
	LI Heguo, LIU Bin, LI Lei, et al. The technology of biochemical protective clothing material[J]. China Personal Protective Equipment, 2006(3):25-28.
[21]	杜邦防护科技事业部. 如何选择化学防护服[J]. 流程工业, 2017(15):24-25.
	Dupont Protection Technology Division. How to choose chemical protective clothing[J]. Process Industry, 2017(15):24-25.
[22]	MAL Ö, PAUL R. Composite textiles in high-performance apparel[M]. London: Woodhead Publishing, 2018: 377-420.
[23]	金郡潮. 阻燃防护服在国际化工行业的配备[J]. 劳动保护, 2019(11):21-24.
	JIN Junchao. Flame retardant protective clothing in the international chemical industry[J]. Labor Protection, 2019(11):21-24.
[24]	张杰, 张婷婷, 陈祯, 等. 高等级化学防护面料制备及性能[J]. 工程塑料应用, 2019,47(5):6-10.
	ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Tingting, CHEN Zhen, et al. Preparation and performance of high-grade chemical protective clothing[J]. Engineering Plastics Application, 2019,47(5):6-10.
[25]	杨小兵. 化学防护服将向轻量化、智能化、多能化方向发展[J]. 纺织导报, 2017(Z1):39-42.
	YANG Xiaobing. Chemical protective clothing will be lightweight, intelligent, multi-functional[J]. China Textile Leader, 2017(Z1):39-42.
[26]	王得印, 李小银, 黄强. 国内外隔绝式皮肤防护装备的现状及发展趋势[J]. 中国个体防护装备, 2015(6):17-22.
	WANG Deyin, LI Xiaoyin, HUANG Qiang. Status and development trend of isolated type skin protective equipment in domestic and overseas[J]. China Personal Protective Equipment, 2015(6):17-22.
[27]	霍瑞亭, 顾振亚. 化学防护服材料及其应用[J]. 产业用纺织品, 2006,24(8):1-5.
	HUO Ruiting, GU Zhenya. Chemical protective materials and its applications[J]. Technical Textiles, 2006,24(8):1-5.
[28]	张杰, 张婷婷, 陈祯, 等. 基于FTIR及XRD鉴别化学防护服面料结构及组成[J]. 塑料工业, 2019,47(4):93-96.
	ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Tingting, CHEN Zhen, et al. Identification of the structure and composition of chemical protective fabric with FTIR and XRD[J]. China Plastics Industry, 2019,47(4):93-96.
[29]	MURRAY S, SIMON Y, SHENG L. The effects of chemical protective suits on human performance[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2011(24):774-779. doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2011.06.001
[30]	曹永强, 王利民, 李瑜璋. 消防员防生化服装阻燃面料的研究[J]. 中国个体防护装备, 2006(5):8-10.
	CAO Yongqiang, WANG Limin, LI Yuzhang. Flame resistance of the material for biology and chemical protective clothing for firefighters[J]. China Personal Protective Equipment, 2006(5):8-10.

Metrics

Viewed

Full text

Abstract

Cited

Shared

Discussed

标准号	气密性	液体泄漏性	超压排气阀气密性
NFPA 1991—2016	不低于800 Pa	—	漏气率< 30 mL/min
ISO 16602:2007	压降≤20%	—	—
BS EN 943-1:2015	≤300 Pa	—	—
GB 24539—2009	压降≤20%	1 h无渗漏	—

标准号	耐磨损性能	耐屈挠破坏性能/次	-30 ℃低温屈挠/次	接缝强力/N	撕破强力/N	断裂强力/N	抗刺穿性能/N	耐高温性能	耐低温性能	阻燃性能
NFPA 1991—2016	连续摩擦 25次后1 h 累计渗透量≤ 6.00 μg/cm²	—	—	>67 N/ (25 mm)	>49	>200	—	—	-25 ℃; 15 min 及60°偏斜角下,弯曲力矩为0.057 N·m	续燃<2 s,损毁<100 mm,无熔滴
ISO 16602:2007	>500次	>15 000	>200	>30	>40	>100	>10	—	—	—
BS EN 943-1:2015	>500次	>1 000	>200	>300	>40	>100	>10	—	—	续燃<5 s,无熔滴
GB 24539—2009	>500次	>15 000	—	>300	>40	>250	>50	70 ℃处理8 h断裂强力下降≤30%	-40 ℃处理8 h 断裂强力下降≤30%	—

标准号	丙酮、乙腈、氨气、二硫化碳、氯气、二氯甲烷、二乙胺、乙酸乙酯、正己烷、氯化氢、甲醇、氢氧化钠、硫酸、四氢呋喃、甲苯	丙烯醛、丙烯腈、1,3-丁二烯、二甲基甲酰胺、硫酸二甲酯、环氧乙烷、氯甲烷、硝基苯、四氯乙烯	索曼	芥子气
NFPA 1991—2016	1 h累计渗透量≤6.00 μg/cm²	1 h累计渗透量≤ 6.00 μg/cm²	累计渗透量≤ 1.25 μg/cm²	累计渗透量≤ 4.00 μg/cm²
ISO 16602:2007	标准透过时间>60 min	—	—	—
BS EN 943-1:2015	标准透过时间>60 min	—	—	—
GB 24539—2009	标准透过时间>60 min	—	—	—

生产企业	材质	面密度/ (g·m^-2)	拉伸强力/N		撕裂强力/N		接缝强力/N	抗刺穿性/N				阻燃性		认证
生产企业	材质	面密度/ (g·m^-2)	经向	纬向	经向	纬向	接缝强力/N	经向			纬向	阻燃性		认证
杜邦Tychem ThermoPro	高分子复合膜	285	1 081	1 028	227	151	280		128	141		有	满足NFPA2112
杜邦Tychem TK	高分子复合膜	407	672	576	334	249	—		123	124		无	未认证
开普勒Zytron 500	高分子复合膜	—	534	538	156	168	—		—	—		有	满足NFPA 1994和 EN 943-1/2
安塞尔 Trellchem EVO	Viton橡塑复合	—	>200	>200	>49	>49	>144		—	—		有	NFPA 1991-2016和 EN 943-2认证
抚顺澳丰安全防护装备有限公司RHF-IAP	双面PVC涂覆	840	1 470	1 372	118.2	107.8	—		360	360		有	未认证
山西新华化工有限责任公司重型防护服	橡胶	—	≥450	≥450	≥50	≥50	≥250		≥50	≥50		有	未认证
北京邦维高科特种纺织品有限责任公司 RHF-IBWC	高分子复合膜	500	572	616	164	149	500		68	68		有	未认证