纺织学报 ›› 2023, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (01): 228-237.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20210702510

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热防护服蓄热防护与放热危害双重特性的研究进展

朱晓荣1, 何佳臻1,2(), 向攸慧1, 王敏2   

  1. 1.苏州大学 纺织与服装工程学院, 江苏 苏州 215006
    2.东华大学 现代服装设计与技术教育部重点实验室, 上海 200051
  • 收稿日期:2021-07-07 修回日期:2022-09-21 出版日期:2023-01-15 发布日期:2023-02-16
  • 通讯作者: 何佳臻(1988—),女,副教授,博士。主要研究方向为功能与防护服装。E-mail:jzhe@suda.edu.cn。
  • 作者简介:朱晓荣(1995—),女,硕士生。主要研究方向为热防护功能服装。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金项目(51906169);教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(18YJC760021);中国纺织工业联合会科技指导性项目(2019019);现代服装设计与技术教育部重点实验室开放课题项目(KCLDT2020-04)

Research progress in dual performance in heat-storage protection and heat-release hazard of thermal protective clothing

ZHU Xiaorong1, HE Jiazhen1,2(), XIANG Youhui1, WANG Min2   

  1. 1. College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
    2. Key Laboratory of Clothing Design and Technology, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai 200051, China
  • Received:2021-07-07 Revised:2022-09-21 Published:2023-01-15 Online:2023-02-16

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摘要：

为全面评价热防护服在热暴露阶段的蓄热防护作用以及在冷却阶段因蓄热释放对人体造成的热危害效应,介绍了防护服热蓄积产生的原因,阐述了现阶段防护服热蓄积的测试方法以及数值模拟研究现状;从服装因素、环境因素以及人体因素3个方面归纳了防护服在热暴露阶段蓄热特性的影响因素;并总结了织物基本物理性能、空气层配置、织物水分、织物受压等因素对冷却阶段防护织物放热危害特性的影响。最后提出:在未来的研究中应针对多元化的热灾害环境以及冷却环境开展热防护服蓄放热双重特性的基础研究,并基于热防护服蓄放热双重效应探究其最优的配伍设计。

关键词: 热防护服, 热蓄积, 蓄热释放, 热危害, 皮肤烧伤

Abstract:

Significance When protective clothing effectively insulates heat transfer during the heat exposure stage in either a high or low heat radiation environment, the protective clothing tends to store a lot of heat due to temperature increase in the fabric system, and heat accumulation is an important cause for skin burns. The workers' movement or external pressure makes the clothing contact with the workers' skin more likely which intensifies heat release. Hence, thermal protective clothing has dual performance of heat-storage protection during thermal exposure and heat-release hazard to human body during the cooling stage. Therefore, in order to evaluate comprehensively the dual performance of thermal protective clothing, which is conducive to promoting the design and development of thermal protective clothing and better protecting high temperature workers from burns, this paper summarizes the research on the dual performance of thermal protective clothing at home and abroad.
Progress The relevant evaluation methods of thermal storage in protective clothing include experimental evaluation and numerical simulation. In this paper, the experimental evaluation and numerical simulation research status of heat storage of protective clothing are compared and clarified. The experimental evaluation method comprehensively evaluates the whole heat transfer stage of the fabric system. The considered factors in using numerical simulation method are more comprehensive, and the calculation is becoming faster and more accurate. This review provides analysis of the relevant influencing factors of the dual performance of protective clothing from the aspects of heat-storage protection and heat-release hazard. The influencing factors of heat storage characteristics during thermal exposure are summarized from the clothing factors, environmental factors, and human factors. Clothing factors include the basic physical properties of clothing, air layer, reflective tape and reinforcement materials, environmental factors include heat source form, heat source intensity and heat exposure time, human factors include movement and sweating of the human body. These factors significantly affect the heat storage performance of clothing. In addition, different states and conditions of the fabric when releasing heat cause different degrees of heat damage to the human body. The influences of fabric physical properties, configuration of air layer, fiber moisture, fabric compression on the hazardous performance of protective fabrics caused by heat-discharge in the cooling stage are discussed.
Conclusion and Prospect Thermal protective clothing has both the positive effect of thermal protection and the negative effect of thermal harm to human skin. Thermal protective clothing worn for a certain period of time will produce clothing heat storage and heat release process in all heat environments, and different cooling environments will affect the release amount and release rate of heat storage. Moreover, when taking the dual characteristics of thermal protective clothing into comprehensive consideration, the heat storage performance of the fabric is not proportional to its heat release performance. Hence, starting from the dual performance of heat storage and release of thermal protective clothing, it is of great significance to comprehensively and accurately evaluate the thermal protection performance of protective clothing. As researchers pay more and more attention to the dual performance of heat-storage protection and heat-release hazard of fabrics or clothing, it is suggested that for future research, diversified heat exposure environment and cooling environment should be established for the actual application scenarios of thermal protective clothing, and researchers can establish a sound thermal protection performance evaluation system, and explore its optimal compatibility design based on the dual effect of thermal protective clothing's heat storage and release. The heat-storage and heat-release characteristics of the heat protection fabric system with new materials and the correlation between the heat-storage volume and heat-release volume also need to be explored.

Key words: thermal protective clothing, stored thermal energy, heat release, thermal hazard, skin burn

中图分类号: 

  • TS941.73

表1

考虑织物热蓄积释放作用的热防护性能测试标准"

标准编号与名称 热暴露类型 热流密度/
(kW·m-2)		 装置(传感器/热源) 烧伤准则
与模型		 测试指标
ASTM F 2703—2013《预测烧伤的阻燃服装材料非稳态传热评估的标准试验方法》 50%热对流、
50%热辐射		 84±2 2个Meker或Fisher燃烧器(固定在垂直方向45°处且带有9个T-150红外石英管) Stoll烧伤准则 热性能估计值
(TPE)
ASTM F 2702—2015《预测烧伤的阻燃服装材料辐射热防护性能的标准试验方法》 100%热辐射 21±2
84±2		 5个500 W的红外石英灯 Stoll烧伤准则 热辐射性能
(RHP)
ASTM F 2731—2018《消防人员防护服系统热量传输和储存能量测量的标准试验方法》 低热辐射 8.5±0.5 黑色陶瓷热辐射板 Henriques烧伤模型 程序A:最小热暴露时间;程序B:固定热暴露时间60、90、120 s
GB/T 38302—2019《防护服装 热防护性能测试方法》 热对流、
热辐射		 84±2 可燃气喷射的2台燃烧灯与9只500 W石英红外灯管 Stoll烧伤准则 热防护性能(TPP)、热性能估计值(TPE)
ASTM F 1930—2018《用假人评估轰然条件下阻燃服装阻燃性能的标准实验方法》 热对流 84±4.2 8个燃烧器 Henriques烧伤模型 2/3级烧伤百分比、
总烧伤百分比等
ISO 13506—2:2017《防热阻燃防护服 第2部分:皮肤烧伤预测计算要求和试验案例》 热对流 84±4.2 至少8个喷嘴火炬燃烧器 Henriques烧伤模型 烧伤百分比、总传递能量、能量传递系数等
GB/T 23467—2009《用假人评估轰燃条件下服装阻燃性能的测试方法》 热对流 84±4.2 至少8个燃烧器 Henriques烧伤模型 2/3级烧伤面积、总烧伤面积

表2

考虑热暴露及冷却阶段的传热数值模型研究"

时间 文献 模型特点 模型中模拟的环境 模型中考虑的因素
热源 热暴露时间 冷却条件
2005 [19] 多孔织物的热湿传递耦合模型 闪火环境 4 s 空气中自然冷却达60 s 水分迁移、空气层
2006 [6] 单层织物一维有限元模型 80 kW/m2热辐射与热对流混合热 15 s 连续在净对流热通量为10 kW/m2下冷却 冷却过程中单层织物的热量分布
2006 [20] 采用皮肤热波模型 辐射板温度400 ℃ 10 s 自然冷却10 s 织物的结构参数、热性能、气压、空气层厚度以及短时间内高热流入射到皮肤表面的热波效应
2008 [21] 多层织物热湿传递模型 闪火环境 4 s 空气中自然冷却达60 s 水分、空气层、纤维密度、导电性、比热容、织物厚度、织物初始温度、环境条件
2010 [22] 一维有限体积模型 83 kW/m2热辐射与热对流混合热 10 s 自然冷却60 s 空气层厚度随时间变化
2011 [23] 假设空气层中为传导-辐射耦合传热 83 kW/m2热辐射与热对流混合热 10 s 自然冷却60 s 织物层之间以及织物和皮肤之间的空气层
2013 [24] 一维瞬态传热模型 83 kW/m2热辐射与热对流混合热 10 s 自然冷却60 s 人体的运动挤压造成的空气层周期变化
2014 [25] 多层织物的热传递模型 0.4~1.2 kW/m2热辐射 40 min 自热冷却到达环境温度 织物厚度、密度、热性能、光学性能、空气层厚度、热源条件、环境温度
2015 [26] 多层织物的热湿传递模型 2.5 kW/m2热辐射 750 s 自然冷却100 s 每个织物层和空气层的水分对外部辐射的吸收
2016 [27] 三层织物一维传热模型 8.5 kW/m2热辐射 300 s 自然冷却200 s 织物厚度、密度、热性能、光学性能、空气层厚度、环境温度
2016 [28] 辐射双通量,一维干态传热模型 8.5 kW/m2热辐射 300 s 自然冷却200 s 多孔织物中辐射热的吸收、透射、反射及自发射,空气层
2016 [29] 多孔介质的传热模型 8.5 kW/m2热辐射 60 s
300 s		 0.25~133 kPa压力下60 s
13.8 kPa压力下600 s		 空气层、织物厚度以及由于施加压力导致的织物中空气含量的动态变化
2018 [30] 基于生物传热及Henriques烧伤积分的传热模型 69 kPa饱和热蒸汽 10 s 自然冷却110 s 蒸汽喷嘴与织物间的冲击射流、织物内蒸汽流动

表3

不同热源类型的研究现状"

热源形式 文献 主要传热
方式		 研究意义
火焰 [6] 热对流、
热辐射		 运用有限元法建立了冷却阶段的一维传热模型,计算织物在冷却时的表观热容以及对流传热系数的变化
[22-23] 基于数值模拟探究空气层随时间的变化、织物层之间以及织物和皮肤之间的空气层、空气层周期变化等因素对皮肤表面温度的影响
[42] 评估在不同水平的热暴露持续时间下多层防护服中热量的传递和储存,并提出评价热防护性能的新指标
辐射热 [43] 热辐射 考虑织物的热蓄积,测试防水层透湿性对热防护性能的影响
[31] 在6.3~8.3 kW/m2的低水平热辐射下,评价多层织物系统内在热暴露阶段的能量储存及冷却阶段的能量释放
[44] 根据人体与热源之间热暴露距离和移动速度的动态变化,建立数值模型,研究热源距离对多层织物系统传热的影响
[45] 引入新指标探究织物性能、空气层和外加压力对织物热蓄积释放的影响
热水 [40] 热对流 热水更容易进入织物系统,导致织物系统的热物理性质(表面张力、导热率、热容量)发生变化,增加烫伤的可能
蒸汽热 [46-47] 热传导、
热对流		 探究空气层的厚度、位置以及织物内部水分和外部水分对热暴露和冷却阶段的热防护和热危害性能
接触热 [48] 热传导 把相变材料加入到热防护服中,提高热暴露过程中的防护性能,降低冷却阶段的皮肤冷却速率
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