热防护服蓄热防护与放热危害双重特性的研究进展

doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20210702510

Abstract

Abstract:

Significance When protective clothing effectively insulates heat transfer during the heat exposure stage in either a high or low heat radiation environment, the protective clothing tends to store a lot of heat due to temperature increase in the fabric system, and heat accumulation is an important cause for skin burns. The workers' movement or external pressure makes the clothing contact with the workers' skin more likely which intensifies heat release. Hence, thermal protective clothing has dual performance of heat-storage protection during thermal exposure and heat-release hazard to human body during the cooling stage. Therefore, in order to evaluate comprehensively the dual performance of thermal protective clothing, which is conducive to promoting the design and development of thermal protective clothing and better protecting high temperature workers from burns, this paper summarizes the research on the dual performance of thermal protective clothing at home and abroad.
Progress The relevant evaluation methods of thermal storage in protective clothing include experimental evaluation and numerical simulation. In this paper, the experimental evaluation and numerical simulation research status of heat storage of protective clothing are compared and clarified. The experimental evaluation method comprehensively evaluates the whole heat transfer stage of the fabric system. The considered factors in using numerical simulation method are more comprehensive, and the calculation is becoming faster and more accurate. This review provides analysis of the relevant influencing factors of the dual performance of protective clothing from the aspects of heat-storage protection and heat-release hazard. The influencing factors of heat storage characteristics during thermal exposure are summarized from the clothing factors, environmental factors, and human factors. Clothing factors include the basic physical properties of clothing, air layer, reflective tape and reinforcement materials, environmental factors include heat source form, heat source intensity and heat exposure time, human factors include movement and sweating of the human body. These factors significantly affect the heat storage performance of clothing. In addition, different states and conditions of the fabric when releasing heat cause different degrees of heat damage to the human body. The influences of fabric physical properties, configuration of air layer, fiber moisture, fabric compression on the hazardous performance of protective fabrics caused by heat-discharge in the cooling stage are discussed.
Conclusion and Prospect Thermal protective clothing has both the positive effect of thermal protection and the negative effect of thermal harm to human skin. Thermal protective clothing worn for a certain period of time will produce clothing heat storage and heat release process in all heat environments, and different cooling environments will affect the release amount and release rate of heat storage. Moreover, when taking the dual characteristics of thermal protective clothing into comprehensive consideration, the heat storage performance of the fabric is not proportional to its heat release performance. Hence, starting from the dual performance of heat storage and release of thermal protective clothing, it is of great significance to comprehensively and accurately evaluate the thermal protection performance of protective clothing. As researchers pay more and more attention to the dual performance of heat-storage protection and heat-release hazard of fabrics or clothing, it is suggested that for future research, diversified heat exposure environment and cooling environment should be established for the actual application scenarios of thermal protective clothing, and researchers can establish a sound thermal protection performance evaluation system, and explore its optimal compatibility design based on the dual effect of thermal protective clothing's heat storage and release. The heat-storage and heat-release characteristics of the heat protection fabric system with new materials and the correlation between the heat-storage volume and heat-release volume also need to be explored.

Key words: thermal protective clothing, stored thermal energy, heat release, thermal hazard, skin burn

CLC Number:

TS941.73

ZHU Xiaorong, HE Jiazhen, XIANG Youhui, WANG Min. Research progress in dual performance in heat-storage protection and heat-release hazard of thermal protective clothing[J].Journal of Textile Research, 2023, 44(01): 228-237.

Figures/Tables 3

Tab.1

Tab.2

Studies on heat transfer numerical models considering thermal exposure and cooling stage"

时间	文献	模型特点	模型中模拟的环境			模型中考虑的因素
时间	文献	模型特点	热源	热暴露时间	冷却条件	模型中考虑的因素
2005	[19]	多孔织物的热湿传递耦合模型	闪火环境	4 s	空气中自然冷却达60 s	水分迁移、空气层
2006	[6]	单层织物一维有限元模型	80 kW/m²热辐射与热对流混合热	15 s	连续在净对流热通量为10 kW/m²下冷却	冷却过程中单层织物的热量分布
2006	[20]	采用皮肤热波模型	辐射板温度400 ℃	10 s	自然冷却10 s	织物的结构参数、热性能、气压、空气层厚度以及短时间内高热流入射到皮肤表面的热波效应
2008	[21]	多层织物热湿传递模型	闪火环境	4 s	空气中自然冷却达60 s	水分、空气层、纤维密度、导电性、比热容、织物厚度、织物初始温度、环境条件
2010	[22]	一维有限体积模型	83 kW/m²热辐射与热对流混合热	10 s	自然冷却60 s	空气层厚度随时间变化
2011	[23]	假设空气层中为传导-辐射耦合传热	83 kW/m²热辐射与热对流混合热	10 s	自然冷却60 s	织物层之间以及织物和皮肤之间的空气层
2013	[24]	一维瞬态传热模型	83 kW/m²热辐射与热对流混合热	10 s	自然冷却60 s	人体的运动挤压造成的空气层周期变化
2014	[25]	多层织物的热传递模型	0.4~1.2 kW/m²热辐射	40 min	自热冷却到达环境温度	织物厚度、密度、热性能、光学性能、空气层厚度、热源条件、环境温度
2015	[26]	多层织物的热湿传递模型	2.5 kW/m²热辐射	750 s	自然冷却100 s	每个织物层和空气层的水分对外部辐射的吸收
2016	[27]	三层织物一维传热模型	8.5 kW/m²热辐射	300 s	自然冷却200 s	织物厚度、密度、热性能、光学性能、空气层厚度、环境温度
2016	[28]	辐射双通量,一维干态传热模型	8.5 kW/m²热辐射	300 s	自然冷却200 s	多孔织物中辐射热的吸收、透射、反射及自发射,空气层
2016	[29]	多孔介质的传热模型	8.5 kW/m²热辐射	60 s 300 s	0.25~133 kPa压力下60 s 13.8 kPa压力下600 s	空气层、织物厚度以及由于施加压力导致的织物中空气含量的动态变化
2018	[30]	基于生物传热及Henriques烧伤积分的传热模型	69 kPa饱和热蒸汽	10 s	自然冷却110 s	蒸汽喷嘴与织物间的冲击射流、织物内蒸汽流动

Tab.2

Tab.3

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标准编号与名称	热暴露类型	热流密度/ (kW·m^-2)	装置(传感器/热源)	烧伤准则与模型	测试指标
ASTM F 2703—2013《预测烧伤的阻燃服装材料非稳态传热评估的标准试验方法》	50%热对流、 50%热辐射	84±2	2个Meker或Fisher燃烧器(固定在垂直方向45°处且带有9个T-150红外石英管)	Stoll烧伤准则	热性能估计值 (TPE)
ASTM F 2702—2015《预测烧伤的阻燃服装材料辐射热防护性能的标准试验方法》	100%热辐射	21±2 84±2	5个500 W的红外石英灯	Stoll烧伤准则	热辐射性能 (RHP)
ASTM F 2731—2018《消防人员防护服系统热量传输和储存能量测量的标准试验方法》	低热辐射	8.5±0.5	黑色陶瓷热辐射板	Henriques烧伤模型	程序A:最小热暴露时间;程序B:固定热暴露时间60、90、120 s
GB/T 38302—2019《防护服装热防护性能测试方法》	热对流、热辐射	84±2	可燃气喷射的2台燃烧灯与9只500 W石英红外灯管	Stoll烧伤准则	热防护性能(TPP)、热性能估计值(TPE)
ASTM F 1930—2018《用假人评估轰然条件下阻燃服装阻燃性能的标准实验方法》	热对流	84±4.2	8个燃烧器	Henriques烧伤模型	2/3级烧伤百分比、总烧伤百分比等
ISO 13506—2:2017《防热阻燃防护服第2部分:皮肤烧伤预测计算要求和试验案例》	热对流	84±4.2	至少8个喷嘴火炬燃烧器	Henriques烧伤模型	烧伤百分比、总传递能量、能量传递系数等
GB/T 23467—2009《用假人评估轰燃条件下服装阻燃性能的测试方法》	热对流	84±4.2	至少8个燃烧器	Henriques烧伤模型	2/3级烧伤面积、总烧伤面积

热源形式	文献	主要传热方式	研究意义
火焰	[6]	热对流、热辐射	运用有限元法建立了冷却阶段的一维传热模型,计算织物在冷却时的表观热容以及对流传热系数的变化
	[22-23]		基于数值模拟探究空气层随时间的变化、织物层之间以及织物和皮肤之间的空气层、空气层周期变化等因素对皮肤表面温度的影响
	[42]		评估在不同水平的热暴露持续时间下多层防护服中热量的传递和储存,并提出评价热防护性能的新指标
辐射热	[43]	热辐射	考虑织物的热蓄积,测试防水层透湿性对热防护性能的影响
	[31]		在6.3~8.3 kW/m²的低水平热辐射下,评价多层织物系统内在热暴露阶段的能量储存及冷却阶段的能量释放
	[44]		根据人体与热源之间热暴露距离和移动速度的动态变化,建立数值模型,研究热源距离对多层织物系统传热的影响
	[45]		引入新指标探究织物性能、空气层和外加压力对织物热蓄积释放的影响
热水	[40]	热对流	热水更容易进入织物系统,导致织物系统的热物理性质(表面张力、导热率、热容量)发生变化,增加烫伤的可能
蒸汽热	[46-47]	热传导、热对流	探究空气层的厚度、位置以及织物内部水分和外部水分对热暴露和冷却阶段的热防护和热危害性能
接触热	[48]	热传导	把相变材料加入到热防护服中,提高热暴露过程中的防护性能,降低冷却阶段的皮肤冷却速率

Research progress in dual performance in heat-storage protection and heat-release hazard of thermal protective clothing

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