生物质基碳气凝胶及其在储能器件中应用研究进展

doi:10.13475/j.fzxb.20221204802

Abstract

Abstract:

Significance With the increasing scarcity of oil, coal and other resources, the development of green and efficient energy storage materials has gradually become the focus of relevant research. Carbon aerogels have been recognized as one of the most promising candidate for energy storage materials due to its high porosity, low density, good electrical conductivity and high temperature resistance. Biomass materials are the most cost-effective, environmentally friendly and sustainable precursors for fabricating carbon aerogels. The preparation of biomass-based carbon aerogel and its application in the field of energy storage have attracted much research attention in the recent years. The release of China's "carbon peak and carbon neutralization" strategy further promotes its research and application. To foster the development of biomass-based carbon aerogels, a systematically overview on biomass-based carbon aerogels for energy storage devices was carried.

Progress Based on the differences in raw material form, the preparation methods of biomass-based carbon aerogel are summarized as gel carbonization, hydrothermal carbonization and direct carbonization. Three preparation methods including the technological process, application range and advantages/disadvantages are compared and analyzed. At present, there are biomass-based carbon aerogels which are widely used, namely unmodified pure biomass-based carbon aerogels and composite biomass-based carbon aerogels modified by metal doping and heteroatom doping. This work summarizes the latest research progress in energy storage devices such as supercapacitors and lithium-ion batteries. Material design and microstructure are the main factors affecting the electrochemical performance of biomass-based carbon aerogel. Suitable doping and uniform nanostructure will help to improve its comprehensive performance. The energy storage device using this biomass-based carbon aerogel as the electrode shows superior rate capability and cycling performance during the test. In addition, relevant studies have shown that biomass-based carbon aerogels can also be used as electrodes for fuel cells, zinc-air batteries, and lithium-sulfur batteries. Some researchers attempted to use it to modify the battery separator and have achieved certain results.

Conclusion and Prospect As a new type of functional aerogel, biomass-based carbon aerogels possess excellent properties of aerogel (high specific surface area, high porosity and low density), carbon materials (heat resistance and electrical conductivity) and biomass materials (economical and biodegradable). Based on these advantages, biomass-based carbon aerogel has been preliminarily applied in supercapacitors and some secondary batteries. In recent years, it has becomes one of the hotspot research fields in energy storage materials. Innovative research methods and theories are constantly emerging around the functional preparation, material characterization and product application of biomass-based carbon aerogels. However, there are still some uncertainties and challenges in the process of industrial production and application of biomass-based carbon aerogels. Future research can be focussed on the following aspects. ① Development of new biomass precursors with more attention to be paided to the utilization rate of biomass materials and the impact of raw materials on the structure and properties of carbon aerogel. ② Innovation and improvement of the preparation process of biomass-based carbon aerogels, aiming for large-scale production of carbon aerogels with uniform structure and excellent performance on the basis of reducing cost and energy consumption. ③ Replacement of man-made materials with natural renewable materials (such as silk fibroin extracted from cocoon silk), in forming the combination with biomass-based carbon aerogel, so as to improve the overall environmental protection of energy storage devices. ④ Further exploration into the influence mechanism of production process including composite process on biomass-based carbon aerogels to achieve controllable optimization of the microstructure and comprehensive properties of carbon aerogels so as to expand application into more prospective emerging material fields.

Key words: biomass-based carbon aerogel, energy storage device, material design, microstructure, electrochemical performance

CLC Number:

TQ352.7

GAO Zhihao, NING Xin, MING Jinfa. Research progress in biomass-based carbon aerogels in energy storage device[J].Journal of Textile Research, 2024, 45(06): 210-218.

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URL: http://www.fzxb.org.cn/EN/10.13475/j.fzxb.20221204802

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Figures/Tables 6

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References 28

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过程		机制
溶解/提取		原料溶解于溶剂体系中,在不改变其化学结构的前提下,破坏分子链非晶区结构从而改变物质晶型, 最终通过提取获得微/纳米纤维素分散液
溶胶-凝胶^[10]		均匀分布的凝胶基元借助聚合反应形成相互交联的三维网络结构
干燥^[11]	超临界干燥	通过加压和升温使溶剂成为超临界态的流体,以此来降低气液界面的表面张力,从而保持凝胶原本的结构
	冷冻干燥	凝胶中的溶剂被冷冻成冰晶,在之后的真空干燥过程中升华消失
	常压干燥	将湿凝胶或前驱体溶液置于大气压下直接干燥
炭化		在气凝胶三维多孔结构的基础上,通过炭化处理形成高度无序的无定型碳以及石墨结构

电极材料	制备方法^①	比表面积/ (m²·g^-1)	比电容/ (F·g^-1)	倍率性能^②/%	循环性能^③/%	文献
棉花	直接炭化法	2 307	283 (1 A/g)	79 (1~100 A/g)	97 (4 A/g(2 000圈))	[17]
藤条	水热炭化法	2 436	221 (0.5 A/g)	80 (0.5~20 A/g)	100 (5 A/g(10 000圈))	[18]
RGO/竹纤维素	凝胶炭化法	1 957	351 (10 mV/s)	90 (10~200 mV/s)	99 (5 A/g(5 000圈))	[19]
MnO_x/萝卜	水热炭化法	203	557 (1 A/g)	43 (0.5~10 A/g)	48 (10 A/g(10 000圈))	[20]
NiCo₂S₄/废西瓜皮	水热炭化法	56	1 019 (1 A/g)	74 (0.5~20 A/g)	87 (10 A/g(10 000圈))	[21]
Fe₃O₄/西瓜	水热炭化法	-	333 (1 A/g)	39 (5~100 mV/s)	96 (1 A/g(1 000圈))	[22]
Fe₃O₄/壳聚糖	凝胶炭化法	-	316 (0.5 A/g)	56 (0.5~20 A/g)	83 (5 A/g(5 000圈))	[23]
氮掺杂甲壳素	水热炭化法	2 540	249 (1 A/g)	66 (1~10 A/g)	98 (2 A/g(15 000圈))	[24]
氧氮掺杂海藻酸钠	凝胶炭化法	1 695	342 (2 A/g)	69 (0.5~3 A/g)	96 (1.5 A/g(2 000圈))	[25]
磷掺杂松果	水热炭化法	1 176	228 (10 mV/s)	33 (2~200 mV/s)	-	[27]
硫磷掺杂废马铃薯皮	凝胶炭化法	1 912	323 (1 A/g)	65 (1~15 A/g)	98 (10 A/g(5 000圈))	[28]
氮掺杂壳聚糖	凝胶炭化法	2 529	267 (1 A/g)	86 (0.5~10 A/g)	100 (5 A/g(10 000圈))	[30]

电极材料	制备方法^①	比表面积/ (m²·g^-1)	孔径大小/nm	倍率性能^②/ (mA·h·g ^-1)	循环性能^③/(mA·h·g^-1)	文献
桉木浆	凝胶炭化法	489	-	416~219 (2~20 A/g)	409 (1 A/g(1 000圈))	[31]
MnO₂/海藻酸钠	凝胶炭化法	210	1.8-10	574~33 (0.1~1 A/g)	490 (0.2 A/g(120圈))	[33]
氮掺杂红藻	水热炭化法	2 290	1.5-4	320~220 (2~10 A/g)	572 (1 A/g(600圈))	[34]
氮掺杂竹纤维素	凝胶炭化法	696	0.5-5	631~289 (1~20 A/g)	651 (1 A/g(1 000圈))	[35]
氮掺杂海藻酸钠	凝胶炭化法	2 136	3.5	550~190 (0.37~7.4 A/g)	550 (0.37 A/g(300圈))	[37]
Fe₃O₄/褐藻	水热炭化法	297	<5	1570~615 (0.1~4 A/g)	1 176 (1 A/g(200圈))	[38]

Research progress in biomass-based carbon aerogels in energy storage device

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