Journal of Textile Research ›› 2023, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (03): 210-220.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20210705311

• Comprehensive Review • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Research progress in tissue engineering scaffolds by 3D bioprinting

WANG Shudong1,2,3(), MA Qian1, WANG Ke1, GU Yuanhui1   

  1. 1. School of Textile and Clothing, Yancheng Polytechnic College, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, China
    2. College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215002, China
    3. Jiangsu Jinmaisui New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Yancheng, Jiangsu 224005, China
  • Received:2021-07-15 Revised:2022-01-24 Online:2023-03-15 Published:2023-04-14

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Abstract:

Significance Tissue engineering is a new interdisciplinary field with great potential. It aims to solve the problems of repair, maintenance, improvement and replacement of tissue functions through the integration and innovation of engineering and life sciences. At present, planting functional cells into scaffolds with good biocompatibility and degradability, culturing in vitro for a period of time, and implanting into the body after maturation is the main way to repair or reconstruct tissue defects. 3D printing technology can synchronize the accumulation and forming of cells and biological materials, ensure the proliferation of cells in biological scaffolds and the transfer of nutrients and metabolic wastes, and have the advantages of stable structure and controllable shape, which is one of the most potential methods to realize the industrial manufacturing of tissue scaffolds. However, different from industrial 3D printing technology, 3D bioprinting requires special materials and processes, which are the basis for forming three-dimensional, porous network structures. In view of the characteristics of 3D bioprinting, this paper reviews the progress of 3D bioprinting technology, materials and applications for tissue engineering, so as to provide a reference for further promoting the development of 3D bioprinting technology for tissue engineering and the research in related fields.

Progress Based on the current 3D bioprinting methods and the formation mechanism of related materials, this paper reviews the research progress of tissue engineering scaffolds prepared by 3D bioprinting in detail. There are four categories of 3D bioprinting technology: inkjet printing, extrusion printing, laser assisted printing and stereo lithography. Inkjet printing ink has low density with long curing time, which tends to cause cell drying and death after printing. Extrusion printing with high viscosity may cause nozzle blockage. The combination of biological materials with good rheological and mechanical properties and natural materials with good biological properties can effectively solve this problem. Laser assisted stereo lithography avoids the problem of nozzle blockage, but it also has the problems of high cost and residual biotoxic materials. As for the 3D biological printing materials, biological ceramic materials and polymers are mainly introduced, including their characteristics, curing mechanism and the application range. Chemical modification of natural materials or combining them with synthetic polymers can effectively adjust the mechanical property and biocompatibility of scaffolds, such as meth acrylic anhydride, gelatin (GelMA) in recent years has become a commonly used material in 3D biological printing. As a densifier, polyethylene oxide (PEO) can not only improve the printability of GelMA and other materials, but also flexibly regulate the pore size and void structure of the printing scaffold because of the water solubility of PEO through removing it. Aiming at the application of 3D bioprinting, this paper mainly introduces the latest research progress of 3D bioprinting in the construction of functional tissues such as blood vessels, bone, ears and hearts, which provides theoretical and practical reference for further promoting the development of 3D bioprinting technology for tissue engineering.

Conclusions and Prospect This paper mainly introduced the 3D printing technology, materials and application and expounds the principles, operation process and the advantages and disadvantages of the inkjet printing, extrusion printing, laser assisted and stereo lithography printing technology. The technology problems such as speed, accuracy, cell survival and activity still need to be solved, especially for inkjet and extrusion biological print, in which cells are to be blocked by nozzles, and how to balance cell viability (requiring a large nozzle size) and printing accuracy (requiring a small nozzle size) is the main challenge. In terms of materials, the research of 3D bioprinting materials still has a great development space, including endowing materials with more abundant molding methods (such as light/thermal, physical/chemical double cross-linking, etc.) to improve their mechanical properties and printability, thereby improving the structural plasticity and stability of scaffolds. Based on the biomimetic principle, multi-material materials, cells and bioactive factors are combined to improve biocompatibility. Heterogeneous and gradient composite 3D bioprinting materials are expected to meet the needs of complex biological tissues. It will be an important research direction in the future to regulate the degradation properties of materials and further study the structure and properties of 3D bioprinted scaffolds with time. At present, although the use of 3D bioprinting technology has successfully constructed functional tissues such as blood vessels, bone, ears, and heart, its clinical application is still in the initial stage. How to maintain cell activity, achieve organ function reconstruction, and solve the internal vascularization problem will be an important development direction in the future. It is believed that with the continuous improvement of 3D bioprinting technology and materials, 3D bioprinting will bring revolutionary changes to tissue engineering.

Key words: 3D bioprinting, tissue engineering, biomaterial, inkjet printing, extrusion printing, laser assisted printing, stereo lithography, medical textile

CLC Number: 

  • TS340.64
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