Journal of Textile Research ›› 2023, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (06): 121-128.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20211106001

• Textile Engineering • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Numerical simulation for selecting laser parameters in marking process with different fabrics

LIAN Liping1, YANG Pengcheng1,2(), YU Zijian1, LONG Yangzhao1, XIAO Yuan1,2   

  1. 1. School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710048, China
    2. Xi'an Key Laboratory of Modern Intelligent Textile Equipment, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710600, China
  • Received:2021-11-11 Revised:2023-01-10 Online:2023-06-15 Published:2023-07-20
  • Contact: YANG Pengcheng E-mail:yangpengcheng@xpu.edu.cn

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Abstract:

Objective Laser marking, which has the advantages of being durable, waterproof and non-contact, is an effective method for recording commodity data and decorating textile products. In the marking process, the laser speed and energy density directly affect the marking effect. The laser energy density and movement speed often show different effects on the fabric substrates owing to the optical and thermal properties. This research aim to optimize the laser marking parameters for the best marking result.
Method To solve this issue, three fabric substrates of cotton, polyester and polypropylene are selected in this research, the ablation process of laser marking fabric surface and the selection principles of process parameters were investigated based on both simulation modeling and experimental analysis. First, the phase change heat transfer models between the laser and different fabric substrates were established. Subsequently, changes in temperature field and material removal during marking were numerically simulated. Finally, the effects of marking process parameters on the marking results were analyzed by thermal diffusion theory in simulation experiments and actual experiments.
Results The simulation results show that the required laser energy density of the three fabric substrates had a linear relationship with the average heating rate and marking depth, and the required moving speed was positively related to the average heating rate. Moreover, the average heating rate of fabric substrates decreased with the increase in material thermal conductivity. The marking width and depth were negatively related to the laser moving speed, and negatively related to the laser energy density during transient changes. After the simulation, actual experiments were conducted for three fabric substrates. The actual experimental results of the three fabric substrates verified that the marking width was positively related to the energy density, and negatively related to the movement speed, which was in agreement with the simulation results. The calculation results of the average width error, and the main sources of its generation were related to the fabric substrate color and the surface roughness. Consequently, because of the different colors of the fabric, there were differences in its light transmission ability. Although the simulation experiments had taken into account the transmission loss, the simulated results were still different from that of the actual experiments. In addition, the simulation experiments assumed that three materials of fabric substrate surface was absolutely smooth,which led to the simulation error. Nonetheless, compared to the others, the actual marking effect of polylester fabric substrate was closer to the simulation experiment, due to its smaller surface roughness and that the laser was more easily reflected on the surface, suggesting that the error generated by the marking increases with the surface roughness of the fabric substrate.
Conclusion In fabric marking, the marking depth is proved to be the main factor affecting the clarity of the mark and is the primary indicator that determines the laser parameters, and some principles for the selection of the three fabric laser parameters are given: ① For laser movement speed of 30 mm/s, the energy density of cotton is at least 0.20 J/cm2; polyester is at least 0.20 J/cm2; polypropylene is at least 0.175 J/cm2. ② For laser movement speed of 20 mm/s, the energy density of cotton, polyester and polypropylene is at least 0.125, 0.15 and 0.10 J/cm2, respectively. ③ For laser moving speed of 10 mm/s, the energy density of cotton is at least 0.075 J/cm2; polyester is at least 0.075 J/cm2; polypropylene is at least 0.05 J/cm2. In addition, the surface roughness of the fabric substrate restrains the marking effect, and the subsequent simulation may further give consideration to the roughness. Both the simulation and the actual experiments prove that some relevant laws can provide some reference for the actual fabric marking.

Key words: laser marking, laser parameter, unsteady state, textile material, numerical simulation, marking process

CLC Number: 

  • TS194.5

Fig. 1

Schematic diagram of heating of material by moving light spot"

Fig. 2

Average heating rate of material under different laser parameters. (a) Cotton; (b) Polyester; (c) Polypropylene"

Fig. 3

Average width of material marking under different laser parameters. (a) Cotton; (b) Polyester; (c) Polypropylene"

Fig. 4

Average depth of material marking under different laser parameters. (a) Cotton; (b) Polyester; (c) Polypropylene"

Tab. 1

Structure and physical parameters of fabrics"

材料
名称		 组织
结构		 体积密度/
(g·cm-3)		 面密度/
(g·cm-2)		 回潮
率/%
棉 平纹 0.95 101 8.5
涤纶 平纹 0.89 167 0.4
丙纶 平纹 0.76 155 0

Tab. 2

Thermal and optical properties of fabrics"

材料
名称		 比热/
(J·g-1·K-1)		 导热系数/
(W·m-1·K-1)		 折射率 透射率
棉 1.34 1.125 9 1.577 0.940
涤纶 1.34 0.974 5 1.725 0.931
丙纶 1.80 0.221 0 1.501 0.950

Fig. 5

Marking samples diagram of textile materials with same moving speed and different energy density. (a) Cotton; (b) Polyester; (c) Polypropylene"

Tab. 3

Marking width of materials with same moving speed and different energy density"

材料名称 能量密度/
(J·cm-2)		 打标宽度/mm 平均宽度
误差/%
模拟 实验
棉 0.05 0.293 0.275 4.2
0.15 0.302 0.295
0.25 0.321 0.310
涤纶 0.05 0.285 0.270 2.1
0.15 0.317 0.320
0.25 0.335 0.330
丙纶 0.05 0.292 0.260 5.7
0.15 0.334 0.320
0.25 0.351 0.350

Fig. 6

Marking sample diagram of textile materials with same energy density and different moving speeds. (a) Cotton; (b) Polyester; (c) Polypropylene"

Tab. 4

Marking width of material with same energy density and different speed"

材料名称 移动速度/
(mm·s-1)		 打标宽度/mm 平均宽度
误差/%
模拟 实验
棉 10 0.313 0.300 5.5
20 0.306 0.290
30 0.293 0.275
涤纶 10 0.310 0.300 5.0
20 0.308 0.290
30 0.285 0.270
丙纶 10 0.325 0.325 6.8
20 0.316 0.310
30 0.308 0.260
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