Journal of Textile Research ›› 2024, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (09): 235-243.doi: 10.13475/j.fzxb.20230800502

• Comprehensive Review • Previous Articles     Next Articles

Research progress in microcapsules of phase change materials

LIU Wenjing1, ZHANG Xinrui1, ZHAO Xiaoman1,2,3(), HONG Jianhan1,2,3, WANG Hongbo4, HAN Xiao1,2,3   

  1. 1. School of Textile Science and Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
    2. Key Laboratory of Clean Dyeing and Finishing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
    3. Shaoxing Sub-Center of National Engineering Research Center for Fiber-Based Composites, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
    4. Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Function Textiles, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
  • Received:2023-08-02 Revised:2024-03-23 Online:2024-09-15 Published:2024-09-15
  • Contact: ZHAO Xiaoman E-mail:wxzhxm09@163.com

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Abstract:

Significance Influenced by global energy crisis in the 1970s, improvement of energy efficiency and identification of alternative sustainable energy have become an urgent need of the moprden society. Along with this, the research and application of microcapsules of phase change materials (PCMs) have attracted much attention. Microcapsules of PCMs are a type of core-shell structured micro/nano smart materials. The core materials are the phase change materials and the shell materials are organic or inorganic substances. Encapsulation technology for phase change materials can facilitate the maintenance of shape in solid-liquid PCMs and can overcome phase segregation and low thermal conductivity. It effectively overcomes defects such as volume changes, leakage, and supercooling that occur during solid-liquid phase transitions of phase change materials. As a result, it significantly reduces the "phase separation" phenomenon and improves the stability of phase change materials. Owing to their unique advantages in energy storage and temperature regulation, microcapsules of PCMs have been widely applied in various fields such as textiles, medical care, architecture and solar energy. Therefore, the exploration of their preparation techniques and applications presents important scientific significance and research value.

Progress The clarification of the commonly used core and shell materials, the preparation technologies of microcapsules of PCMs and their applications were comprehensively reviewed. The microcapsules of PCMs consist of a core material, which is the phase change material itself, encapsulated within the microcapsule, a shell material used to protect the core material from leakage. The shell material should possess certain mechanical strength, compactness, and should not react chemically with the core materials. The preparation techniques for PCM microcapsules mainly include physical methods, chemical methods, and physicochemical methods. Physical methods are those in which the encapsulation of PCMs uses only physical processes such as drying and bonding, where the materials forming the shell do not undergo any chemical reactions with the core materials. The obtained microcapsules of PCMs exhibit good stability and controllability, and are suitable for micro-scale systems. For the chemical methods, the shell of microcapsules is synthesized through polymerization or condensation reactions between monomers, oligomers, or pre-polymers at the oil-water interface. Microcapsules of PCMs prepared by chemical methods have excellent performance and small particle sizes and simple operation. Physicochemical methods are a technique that combines physical methods such as heating and cooling with chemical methods such as hydrolysis, crosslinking and polycondensation. Microcapsules of PCMs with different characteristics and functions such as enhanced stability, small particle size and improved controllability can be prepared by adopting different preparation methods. Therefore, PCMs are widely used in textiles, medical care, architecture, solar energy, and other fields.

Conclusion and Prospect PCM Microcapsules have broad applications. There are still some challenges and problems in practical production. Firstly, the high cost of phase change materials limits their widespread applications due to the expensive production process. Secondly, the material loss is quite high in the preparation of PCM microcapsules. In order to the above problems, the preparation process of microcapsules of PCMs can be improved or replaced by a more economical and efficient production mode. Meanwhile, how to improve the coating rate of microcapsules and increase the response speed are also the current research and development directions of PCM microcapsules. Finally, it is conducive to the promotion of development of the microcapsules of PCMs to green and multi-functional directions by combining the properties of heat storage and temperature regulation with the environmentally friendly multi-functional materials. It can also contribute to the reduction of energy consumption and the enhancement of energy utilization efficiency, which would benefit human beings and the environment.

Key words: phase change material, microcapsule, core material, shell material, green direction, multi-functional

CLC Number: 

  • TB34

Tab.1

Classification, advantages and disadvantages of core materials commonly used for PCM microcapsules"

芯材种类 优点 缺点 材料 相变温度/℃ 相变潜热ΔH/(J·g-1) 参考文献
有机 温度适应性好、相变潜热大、
无过冷现象、无腐蚀性、
无毒、无相分离现象、高稳定性		 低导热性、易流动性 正十四醇 33.62 207.33 [15]
正十八烷 32.4 253.7 [9]
硬脂酸 60.4 238.7 [16]
月桂酸 39.8 192.7 [15]
石蜡(Pn) 61.17 199.77 [17]
无机 储能密度高、导热系数大 存在高过冷与相分离现象,有一定的腐蚀性 Sn 232 60.5 [18]
CaCl2·6H2O 28.96 151.6 [19]
Na2SO4·10H2O 32.1 249 [20]
共晶 储能密度大、传热迅速、
稳定性好		 材料结构复杂、界面处理较难、相变潜热小 十四胺-十六胺 35~44.3 — [21]
正癸酸-十八醇 27.95 154.2 [22]

Tab.2

Commonly used wall materials for PCM microcapsules"

壁材种类 壁材 芯材 PCMs微胶囊合成方法 参考文献
有机 蜜胺树脂 正十八烷 原位聚合法 [9]
聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA) 十八烷 乳液聚合法 [25]
聚脲 十二酸十二醇 界面聚合法 [26-27]
聚氨酯 正十二烷 乳液聚合法 [28]
无机 氧化铜 石蜡 原位聚合法 [29]
钛酸锶 十四酸 溶胶-凝胶法 [11]
SiO2 硬脂醇 溶胶-凝胶法 [24]
复合 碳酸钙/纳米铁 硬脂酸 原位聚合法 [16]
聚二乙烯基苯/TiO2 石蜡 乳液聚合法 [30]

Fig.1

Schematic diagrams of preparation of microcapsules by physical methods. (a) Spray drying; (b) Solvent evaporation"

Fig.2

Schematic diagrams of preparation of microcapsules by chemical methods. (a) Interfacial polymerization; (b) In-situ polymerization; (c) Emulsion polymerization"

Fig.3

Schematic diagrams of preparation of microcapsules by physicochemical method. (a) Complex condensation; (b) Sol-gel process"

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