China is highly dependent on imported petroleum, and hexanediamine, the main raw material for polyamide 66, is monopolized by overseas companies. In line with the strategic goal of achieving carbon neutralization in China, this paper describes the characteristics of bio-based polyamide 56 fiber in detail, and reviews the research progress in its preparation technology and application fields. Bio-based polyamide 56 fiber has good mechanical properties, moisture absorption, softness, wear resistance, dyeing, heat resistance, chemical resistance and flame retardancy, which is suitable for clothing, home textiles, industrial textiles and other textiles fields. However, the large-scale promotion of bio-based polyamide 56 fiber still faces problems such as the supply and cost control of biological raw materials, the reduction of energy consumption in production and the comprehensive utilization of by-products. In the future, it is necessary to continue to increase research and development investment in fermentation and purification of bio-based monomer, polymerization, spinning and application in order to continuously reduce production costs, so as to promote the large-scale application of bio-based polyamide 56 fiber in the textile field.